Adding अॅ(~a) to consonant is denoted by giving a crescent above consonant (ॅ).But there are few more vowels which can be added with consonant they are as follows: In this blog, it is denoted as capital h i.e.
Adding अः(aH) to consonant is denoted by two dots after a consonant (ः). In this blog, it is denoted as capital m “M”įor more details on the pronunciation of anusvar refer Adding अं(aM) to consonant is denoted by a giving a dot on the consonant (ं). Note for native Hindi speakers: read the section “Difference in pronunciation of double Matra in Marathi and Hindi” at the end of this blog Adding औ(au) to consonant is denoted by a vertical line after consonant along with TWO slanting lines above consonant (ौ). In this blog, it is denoted as small o i.e. Adding ओ(o) to consonant is denoted by a vertical line after consonant along with one slanting line above consonant (ो). Note for native Hindi speakers: read the section “Difference in pronunciation of double Matra in Marathi and Hindi” at the end of this lesson. These slanting lines are called दोन मात्रा(don mAtrA). Adding ऐ(ai) to consonant is denoted by a TWO slanting lines above consonant (ै). In this blog it is denoted as small e i.e. This slanting line is called मात्रा(mAtrA)= Adding ए(e) to consonant is denoted by a slanting line above consonant (े). In this blog, it is denoted as capital u i.e. This curve is called दुसरा उकार (dusarA ukAr )Įxception: for र(r) curve is added at side रू(rU) Adding ऊ(U) to consonant is denoted by a curve below consonant. In this blog, it is denoted as small u i.e. This curve is called पहिला उकार (pahilA ukAr )Įxception: for र(r) curve is added at side रु(ru) Adding उ(u) to consonant is denoted by a curve below consonant. In this blog it is denoted as capital i i.e. This “vertical line and a curve” is called as दुसरी वेलांटी (dusari velAMTI ). Adding ई(I) to consonant is denoted by an extra vertical line and a curve AFTER consonant (ी). 
In this blog it is denoted as small i i.e. This “vertical line and a curve” is called as पहिली वेलांटी (pahili velAMTI ). Adding इ(i) to consonant is denoted by an extra vertical line and a curve BEFORE consonant (ि).
In this blog, it is denoted as capital a i.e. This vertical line is called काना (kAnA ) Adding आ(A) to consonant is denoted by extra vertical line (ा).Į.g.In this blog, it is denoted as small a i.e. Adding अ(a) to consonant has no effect.
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